Adverbs (Lower Form)

Adverbs

• An adverb generally tells you more about a verb. On the other hand, an adjective describes a noun. Look at the examples below:

         (adjective)        Look at the fast car!                ('fast' describes the noun 'car')

         (adverb)           Look, that car is going fast!    ('fast' describes the verb 'go')

Adverbs of Manner

• You use these adverbs to describe HOW something happened.
• These adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective.

              adjective + ly → adverb                            

                   quick + ly → quickly

                  happy + ly → happily

• However, certain adverbs do not end in -ly. Some common ones are: fast, hard, far, well

          Example: He ran fast.       (√)

                          He ran fastly.     (×)

• Some words that end with -ly are NOT adverbs. For example: friendly, lovely, lonely, silly. These words are adjectives.
• Adverbs of manner can be used in many places in a sentence, but usually after a verb.

         Example: She walks gracefully on stage. ('walk' is the verb)

Adverbs of Time

• You use these adverbs to describe WHEN something happened.
• They are not the same as adverbs of manner. They are not formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

         Example: When did Saleh leave the house?

                         He left the house just now.

• More examples of commonly used adverbs of time:

         now, at this moment, today, in      (month)     , already, yet, before, still, just, yesterday, just now,          last night/week/month/year, this morning/evening,           ago, then, tomorrow, next           , soon,          tonight, later

Adverbs of Frequency

• You use these adverbs to describe HOW OFTEN something is done.
• Examples of commonly used adverbs of frequency: always, frequently, regularly, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly, once a           

Read the summary of a movie below, then read the notes in the box.

"E.T. phone home..." is an unforgettable line from the movie 'E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'. The story is about an alien who is accidentally left behind on Earth. Elliot, a young boy, befriends him. E.T. has many adventures and misadventures. He is a loveable character. He is only three feet tall and waddles slowly. He speaks haltingly and often chatters unintelligibly when surprised. E.T. is eventually captured by government officials. He suffers terribly because of exposure to pollited air for too long. The neighbourhood children help to free E.T. and send him to the site where the spaceship lands to take him to his home planet. Elliot and E.T. both part tearfully as the loveable alien points to Elliot's heart and says, "I'll be right here."

**The underline words are called adverbs while the words in bold italics are verbs. Adverbs describe verbs while adjectives describe nouns. Look at how the adverbs here describe the verbs in the passage.

Online Shopping (Lower Form)

Assalamualaikum & Hi students. How are you?

Today we will learn about online shopping. Please take your text book and turn to page 90. Read the article as below.

After you read the article, please answer the question below.
https://forms.gle/tj4GH32oAg9W94vE7

Pronouns (Lower Form)

Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. There are a few types of  pronouns:

• Personal pronouns e.g. I, you, we, they, he, she, it, him
• Possessive pronouns e.g. mine, yours, ours, theirs
• Demonstrative pronouns e.g. that, this, those, these
• Interrogative pronouns e.g. Who, What, Where, Whose, Whom

Personal Pronouns 

• Look at the following examples showing how the pronouns are used.

          Examples:

               Mat and June are friends. He has known her for ten years.

               Yan Li has a goldfish. She always feeds it fresh worms.

               Tom, Rick and Larry are bus drivers. They ferry schoolchildren.

               We are taking sewing lessons. It is up to us to choose the materials we like.

               They are hungry. Puan Zaiton is going to give them a snack.

               I hope to get there by nightfall. My parents are expecting me.

Possessive Pronouns

• These pronouns are used to show who an object belongs to. Read the examples below:

           The red shirt is mine. (The red shirt belongs to me.)

           This ticket is yours. (This ticket belongs to you.)

           His friend is here to see him. (Andy’s friend is here to see him.)

           The puppy is hers. (The puppy belongs to her.)

           The blue van is ours. (The blue van belongs to us.

           The radio is theirs. (The radio belongs to them.)

• There are two types of ‘possessive words’. A possessive adjective has a noun after it while a possessive pronoun does not. Look at the table below.

Personal pronouns	I	you	he	she	it	we	they
Possessive adjectives	my	your	his	her	its	our	their
Possessive pronouns	mine	yours	his	hers	-	ours	theirs

• The sentence in brackets means the same as the former sentence.

          Examples: This is my car. (This car is mine.)

                            (Notice that there is the noun ‘car’ after ‘my’. There is no noun after ‘mine’.)

Interrogative Pronouns

• Who, Whom, Which, What and Where are interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask about people, places or things.

          Example: Who is this man?

                          Whom did you give the book to?

                          Which is your pen, the blue or the red one?

                          What is inside this box?

                          Where does your friend live?

• Whose is used to ask who the owner of an object is.

          Example: Alice : Whose book is this?

                          Jenny : Oh, it is Sue’s. (The book belongs to Sue.)


Demonstrative Pronouns

• Demonstrative pronouns include words like this, that, these and those.
• This and that are uses to describe singular nouns. These and those are used to describe plural nouns.
• This and these are used to refer to things that are near us. That and those are used to refer to things that are far away. 

The Use of 'Each'

• Each is used to refer to every single member of a group. It basically means 'every'.
• Each is used with countable nouns only.
• Each takes singular verbs, nouns and pronouns.

          Example: Each child was given a lollipop.

Adjectives (Lower Form)

Prahlad Jani - The Foodless Man

Prahlad Jani is a strange man. He does not eat. He is not fasting. He is neither bulimic nor anorexic. He is called the "foodless man". He says he has not eaten for the last 68 years. How then has he survived? 400 confused doctors at a hospital in Ahmedabad are said to have observed him closely for teh days to see if what he claims is true. They had close-circuit cameras to watch him day and nights. The 76-year-old Prahlad is like other Hindu holy men in some respects. He puts on red robes, gold beard, white moustache and long, grey hair that is tied up in a pony-tail. Apparently, he is an ideal candidate for the X-files.

(NST - Thursday, November 27, 2003)

**Note the words in bold. These words are called adjectives. See how they describe and make the passage more interesting.

Adjectives

• Adjectives are words that describe nouns.
• Adjectives usually answer the question "What type/kind of...?"

          Example 1: Prahlad Jani is a strange man.

          --- What type of man is Prahlad? A strange man.

         Example 2: That is a new book.

         --- What type of book is that? A new book.

• Adjectives describe colour.

         Examples: He puts on red robes, gold chains...

                          She likes the red lipstick.

                          Mother bought some green vegetables

• Adjectives describe size.

         Examples: He has a white beard, white moustache and long, grey hair...

                          Grandmother has tiny feet.

                          Malik read a short passage.

• Adjectives describe quality.

        Examples: Apparently, he is an ideal candidate for the X-files.

                         That hotel has excellent service.

Prefixes

You can form negative adjectives by adding prefixes such as dis-, in-, or im- before the adjectives.

Examples: I had an unpleasant experience at the dentist's.

                 It is almost impossible to open a crocodile's mouth once it is shut.

Comparative Adjectives

• Comparative adjectives are used to compare two nouns or pronouns. You must add -er and than to the adjective when comparing two objects.

          Examples: This box is lighter than that one.

                           Her hair is thicker than Aneeza's.

                          She walks slower than all of us.

• For two-syllable adjectives ending with '-y', change the 'y' to '-i' and add -er.

         Examples: happy - happier

                           lovely - lovelier

• For some adjectives with two or more syllables, use more followed by the adjectives and than.

         Examples: modern - more modern than

                           comfortable - more comfortable than

• Superlative adjectives are used to compare at least three nouns or pronouns. You must add -est to the adjectives and the before it.

          Examples: He is the tallest boy in the basketball team.

                           Cik Salena is the prettiest girl in the beauty contest. 

• Some adjectives are irregular.

          Examples: good - better - best

                           bad - worse - worst

The Simple Past Tense (Lower Form)

Hello students, today we will do exercises about simple past tense.

Exercise 1

Read the passage below and underline the verbs in the simple past form.

Vincent Van Gogh is a much-celebrated artist today. He was unknown in his time. He was poor and lived in a cramped room. All he possessed was his easel, paint, brushes, a little money and talent? He used different kinds of lines in his artwork and painted landscapes, still life and portraits. He always signed his paintings. However, he hardly sold any of his works. Vincent lived a sad life. He slowly became insane. He even cut off his ear. Finally, he shot himself in the chest when he was 37 years old. Today, his works, ‘Sunflowers’ and ‘Starry, starry night’ are known as masterpieces. They cost a fortune and often become the focus of attention at exhibitions and auctions.

Exercise 2

Read the passage below, then rewrite it in the simple past tense.

The tsunami victims have to rest at the relief centre because their homes are destroyed. Some of them have serious injuries, and doctors have a busy time treating so many of them. Many victims look lost. They do not have any belonging left. Volunteers come from all parts of the world to help repair the damage to the city. Some volunteers bring money and food from their countries to donate to the victims. For some victims, all the money in the world cannot replace their loved ones. It is a tragedy indeed.

You can refer the notes given by me through our group whatsapp. Good luck!

King Arthur by Janet Hardy Gould (Novel) (Form 1)

Synopsis

In the year 650, England is without a king. Merlin the magician makes a stone with a sword in it. Only the true king can pull the sword out. A young boy named Arthur pulls out the sword and becomes king. He is a good looking with Merlin's help. Arthur falls in love with Guinevere and wants to marry her. Merlin is not happy about this and he leaves Arthur. Before he goes, he helps Arthur get a magic sword. Arthur makes Guinevere his Queen. Guinevere gives Arthur a huge round table. They choose the best knights to sit at the table and help Arthur rule the kingdom. Arthur's half-sister, Morgan, and her son, Mordred, move into Camelot. Mordred tells Arthur that his best knight, Lancelot, loves Guinevere. Arthur drives Lancelot away. His kingdom becomes disorderly. Mordred tells him to fight Lancelot and prove his strength. Arthur leaves Camelot with his knights to search for Lancelot. Mordred tells the court that Arthur is dead and takes over the throne. Arthur returned to Camelot and a terrible battle takes place. During the fight with Mordred, Arthur's sword breaks and Mordred wounds him seriously. Lancelot comes to his aid and kills Mordred. It is too late to save Arthur. Merlin appears and takes Arthur away.

Please answer the question from this link https://forms.gle/FJRTsfReEyyDANAq9
Good luck students!

Fair's Fair by Narinder Dhami (Short Story) (Form 1)

Hello students!
Today we learn about short story.

Synopsis

Fair's Fair is a straightforward short story set in a middle-class residential area. Lee, Sam and Raj are three neighbours and good friends. The action begins when Raj announces that a fair is coming to town and his dad will take them there that night. Sam's dad allows her to go but Lee's mum says that she has no budgeted for it, so he cannot go. Lee is disappointed but his two friends offer to help Lee do odd jobs for their parents to earn some pocket money. Their first job does not work out, but the second one does and Lee is paid a pound for it. However, he gives the money away to soothe a weeping child. His luck changes when a woman passing by drops her purse and he picks it up. Though tempted to keep the purse, Lee has to make a moral choice and he is justly rewarded for it.

Please answer the question from this link https://forms.gle/jm7ADAMtHnxLdPYF7